This article is part of the series Transitioning From Puget Sound Oil Refineries
Takeaways
The four largest refineries are among the top eight sources of carbon pollution in Washington State, emitting more than 6 million metric tons annually.
The four largest refineries are among the top eight sources of carbon pollution in Washington State, emitting more than 6 million metric tons annually.
Washington refineries regularly exceed air pollution regulations and have been fined for Clean Air Act violations in 2005, 2011, twice in 2016, and 2020.
Studies show that people living within 10 miles of a refinery are at higher risk of developing a wide range of health issues, including asthma, cancers, neurological and cardiovascular damage, and blood disorders.
Frontline communities in Anacortes, Ferndale, and Tacoma bear the worst of the pollution, including the Lummi, Swinomish, and Puyallup peoples. The Washington Department of Health concluded in 2010 that seafood from Fidalgo Bay, the ancestral land of the Swinomish, is no longer safe to eat at tribal consumption rates.
About 90 percent of the petroleum products consumed in Cascadia—our gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, and more—are refined at five refineries sitting on the shores of the Salish Sea. These refineries are super polluters. They comprise four of the top eight sources of carbon pollution in the state and are responsible for over 26 percent of Washington state’s greenhouse gas emissions from large industrial facilities. And, as will be shown in this chapter, Washington’s oil refineries have a checkered past of violating the regulations designed to protect their workers, the environment, and people living in their vicinity.
The coming decades will bring increasingly volatile oil markets as well as promising boosts in energy efficiency, vehicle electrification, and a shift to cheaper clean energy. As demand for oil drops, Puget Sound refinery communities can plan ahead for a smooth transition—protecting workers, local economies, and the environment to build a thriving and resilient future. This article is part of a special series on the issue.
Pollution occurs in every phase of the oil refining process. In this series, we analyze the impacts of pollution in three categories: direct pollution from the refinery operations themselves; “upstream” and “downstream” pollution from transporting crude oil and refined products;1 and indirect pollution from consuming the refineries’ products. It’s important to consider all three categories because Northwest refineries do not exist in isolation. Rather, they sit at the center of a sprawling web of petroleum infrastructure. In this chapter, we discuss the impacts of direct pollution of refinery operations.
Air Pollution
Oil refineries are major sources of toxic air pollutants, including cancer-causing benzene, particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide. Refinery pollutants are heavily concentrated near frontline communities in Anacortes, Ferndale, and Tacoma, including the tribal reservations of the Lummi, Swinomish, and Puyallup peoples. Studies show that people living within 10 miles of a refinery are at higher risk of developing a wide range of health issues, including asthma, cancers, neurological and cardiovascular damage, and blood disorders. Refinery pollution contributes to existing racial and socio-economic health disparities in Washington, such as higher asthma prevalence among Black and Native American people.
A few examples illustrate how Washington refineries regularly exceed air pollution regulations, contributing even more to adverse health impacts to Washington residents living nearby. Similar to the way a significant portion of the industry’s tax bill goes toward mitigating the problems it creates, most of the fines levied against refineries for pollution violations actually go toward upgrading refinery equipment and processes that should have already happened. And compared to the refining industry’s massive profits ($2 billion annually in recent years!), many of the fines paid are paltry.
In 2005, ConocoPhillips was fined $4.5 million for Clean Air Act violations of sulfur emissions at nine of its refineries, including its Ferndale refinery. Phillips was also required to spend $525 million to upgrade its facilities to come into compliance with federal law.
In 2011, US Oil and Refining was fined $230,000 for Clean Air Act violations, including failing to report and track cancer causing benzene. US Oil had to spend an additional $746,000 on facility upgrades to control asphalt vapors containing particulate pollution, which can cause and exacerbate asthma.
In 2016, Tesoro settled alleged Clean Air Act pollution violations at six refineries, including its Anacortes facility for benzene violations, for $425 million. Almost the entirety of the settlement, $403 million, went toward installing and operating pollution control equipment. The remaining $22 million was split into two pots. First, Tesoro was required to spend $12 million on projects to improve public health in the communities living around their refineries. Second, it paid a civil penalty of $10 million for its alleged violations, $250,000 of which went to the Northwest Clean Air Agency.
In 2016, the Shell Refinery at Anacortes was fined $133,000 by the Northwest Clean Air Agency for a 2015 violation of shutdown and decontamination procedures that resulted in a release of chemicals into the atmosphere, including benzene, which causes cancer. The US Environmental Protection Agency also fined Shell $191,000 for the same incident for violations of the Clean Air Act. While Shell initially claimed that no detectable levels of harmful pollution were found after the release of chemical odors, wind carried the chemical release over the nearby Swinomish Indian Tribal Community reservation. The Swinomish reported 550 people affected by the release, 12 of whom sought medical treatment with five admitted to an emergency room or hospital. Affected people reported symptoms similar to those described above from common pollutants: irritation of eyes, throat and lungs, headaches, nausea, fatigue, and loss of appetite.
The Northwest Clean Air Agency fined the Shell Refinery for $60,000 in 2020 for a similar flaring incident, which again affected the Swinomish. The Clean Air Agency’s news release notes that “[d]escriptions of the odors and their impacts reported by area resident… were similar to those received by NWCAA following a Shell flare release in February 2015.”
Incidents like these are unfortunately not rare. A study of a community in Italy showed that people living near oil refineries have higher rates of cancer—and die of cancer more frequently—than people living farther from oil refineries. A study of a Taiwanese community in the vicinity of an oil refinery and coal power plant found similar rates of increased cancer among nearby residents. In addition to cancer, a study of a refinery-adjacent community in Jordan found that residents were more likely to have skin problems and report asthma. And refineries in the US, including Puget Sound refineries, regularly violate air pollution limits of pollutants like benzene.
Other forms of air pollution from the refinery operations go well beyond nearby communities to degrade the Northwest’s most prized wild places. The US National Park Service has used state-of-the-art air monitoring equipment to demonstrate that the BP Refinery is one of the biggest sources of air pollution at Olympic National Park. That single facility is responsible for an average of 57 days of “impaired” air quality at Washington’s sole World Heritage Site—that is, days when pollution from the refinery creates haze, reduces visibility, and diminishes the visual crispness of colors. And modeling indicates that a recent small expansion at the BP refinery would have bumped up that figure to 70 days per year, on average. The BP refinery affects the North Cascades National Park too, impairing air quality on an average of 38 days each year. And in addition to air quality impacts, the National Park Service worries that continued refinery growth will result in increased NOx emissions that would, in turn, increase acid deposition in the North Cascades, potentially upsetting fragile ecosystems.
Water Pollution
Refineries also take a toll on their land and nearby waterways. In the course of normal operations, refineries generate large volumes of wastewater.2
Treating wastewater is complex process. Refineries have two segregated sewer systems, one for water that comes in contact with oils, and one for water that has not come in contact with oils. Here, we focus on the treatment process for oily water. First, the oily water is allowed to settle in the sewer. Over time, oils float to the top and solids sink to the bottom. Refinery workers skim the oil off the top layer and save it for later use in the refining process. A sludge rake removes the solids from the bottom layer. Air is pumped into the remaining water to break up dissolved oils at the molecular level, separating more oil from the water. After the dissolved oils are removed, the water moves to a secondary treatment. In this phase, microorganisms are introduced to the water to feed on remaining oils and other organic compounds. Eventually, the “bugs” get full of oil and die, sinking to the bottom of the settling pond. Water from the top is moved to polishing ponds, a final, tertiary treatment. The water settles further, separating out dissolved oil and remaining solids. Depending on the kind of crude that was refined, sometimes the water is filtered through sand or activated carbon. The whole process may take a few days, depending on how concentrated the oily water was. Counterintuitively, more heavily polluted water takes less time to treat because greater amounts of oils and solids allow for faster separation. For more details on the refinery wastewater treatment best practices, see this 2010 industry produced report.
